Bibliography

All primary sources and the versions we used are listed here.

Primary Sources

1. Barret, R. (1699). A companion for midwives, child-bearing women, and nurses directing them how to perform their respective offices : together with an essay, endeavouring to shew the influence of moral abuses upon the health of children. Printed for Tho. Ax. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A31042.0001.001


2. Bourgeois, L. (1609). Observations diverses sur la stérilité, perte de fruict, foecondité, accouchements et maladies des femmes et enfants nouveaux naiz , amplement traictées et heureusement praticquées par L. Bourgeois. A. Saugrain. Retrieved 2023, from http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401257099.


3. Bourgeois, L. (1617). Observations diverses, sur la sterilité, perte de fruict, foecondité, accouchements, et maladies des femmes, et enfants nouveaux naiz. A. Saugrain. (Original work published in 1609). Retrieved 2023, from https://archive.org/details/observationsdive0102bour/page/n5/mode/2up.  


4. Chamberlayne, T. (1699). The compleat midwife’s practice enlarged : in the most weighty and high concernments of the birth of man. Containing a perfect directory, or rules for midwives and nurses. As also a guide for women in their conception, bearing and nursing of children: from the experience of our English authors. Viz. Sir Theodore Mayerne, Dr. Chamberlain, Mr. Nich. Culpeper, and others of foreign nations. With instructions of the Queen of France’s midwife to her daughter, a little before her death, touching the practice of the said art. As also a farther discovery of those secrets kept close in the breast of Sir Theodore Mayern, Mr. Nicholas Culpeper, and other English writers, not made publick till now. (5th ed.). Arthur Bettesworth. (Original work published in 1656). Retrieved 2023, from https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/PR-PARK-00570/1.


5. du Coudray, A. M. le B. (1769). Abrégé de l’art des accouchements. Pierre Toussaints. (Original work published in 1759). Accessed from the Bibliotheque d’étude et de conservation in Besançon, France.


6. du Coudray, A. M. le B. (1785). Abrégé de l’art des accouchemens: dans lequel on donne les précepts nécessaires pour le mettre heureusement en practique, & auquel on a joint plusieurs observations intéressantes sur des cas singuliers. (6th ed.) Google Play Books. Théophile Barrois. (Original work published in 1759). Retrieved 2023, from https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ychEAAAAcAAJ.


7. Culpeper, N. (1662). Directory for midwives: or, A guide for women. Peter Cole. (Original work published in 1651). Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A69832.0001.001.


8. Fonteyn, N. (1652). The womans doctour, or, An exact and distinct explanation of all such diseases as are peculiar to that sex with choise and experimentall remedies against the same : being safe in the composition, pleasant in the use, effectuall in the operation, cheap in the price. Printed for John Blague and Samuel Howes. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. (Original work published in 1644) Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A39862.0001.001


9. Guillemeau, J. (1612). Child-birth or, The happy deliuerie of vvomen VVherein is set downe the gouernment of women. In the time of their breeding childe: of their trauaile, both naturall, and contrary to nature: and of their lying in. Together with the diseases, which happen to women in those times, and the meanes to helpe them. To which is added, a treatise of the diseases of infants, and young children: with the cure of them. A. Hatfield. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. (Original work published in 1609). Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A02362.0001.001


10. Guillemeau, J. (1635). Child-birth; Or, The Happy Delivery of Women: Wherein is Set Downe the Government of Women … Together with the Diseases, which Happen to Women in Those Times, and the Meanes to Help Them. With a Treatise for The Nursing of Children … (Anonymous, Trans.). Anne Griffin. (Original work published in 1609). Accessed from the University of California, San Francisco Library.


11. Joubert, L. (1578). Erreurs populaires au fait de la médecine et régime de santé … Cette-cy est de toutte l’oeuvre la première partie contenant cinq livres, avec l’indice des matières qui seront traitées ez autres. Simon Millanges. Retrieved 2023, from https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002166-001/page/n12/mode/2up.  


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13. Marinello, G., & Liébault, J. (1582). Trois livres appartenant aux infirmitez et maladies des femmes. Google Play Books. Jacques du Puy. (Original work published on 1563) Retrieved 2023, from https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=q8pEAAAAcAAJ


14. Mauriceau, F. (1672). The diseases of women with child, and in child-bed:: as also, the best directions how to help them in natural and unnatural labours. : With fit remedies for the several indispositions of new-born babes. (H. Chamberlen, Trans.). John Darby. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. (Original work published in 1668) Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A88969.0001.001


15. Mauriceau, F. (1736). The diseases of women with child, and in the child-bed: as also the best means of helping them in natural and unnatural labours, with fit remedies for the several indispositions of new-born babes, to which is prefix’d an exact description of the parts of generation in women. (H. Chamberlen, Trans.) (7th ed.). T. Cox and J. Clarke. (Original work published in 1668 and original translation in 1672). Retrieved 2023, from https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqz9hx3j


16. Pechey, J. (1696). A general treatise of the diseases of maids, bigbellied women, child-bed-women, and widows together with the best methods of preventing or curing the same. Henry Bonwick. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A53915.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc.  


17. Pechey, J. (1698). The compleat midwife’s practice enlarged in the most weighty and high concernments of the birth of man containing a perfect directory or rules for midwives and nurses : as also a guide for women in their conception, bearing and nursing of children from the experience of our English authors, viz., Sir Theodore Mayern, Dr. Chamberlain, Mr. Nich. Culpeper … : with instructions of the Queen of France’s midwife to her daughter … (5th ed.). H. Rhodes. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A53913.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=toc


18. Roselin, E. (1540). The byrth of mankynde, newly translated out of Laten into Englysshe. In the which is entreated of all suche thynges the which chaunce to women in theyr labor, and all suche infyrmitees whiche happen vnto the infantes after they be delyuered. And also at the latter ende or in the thyrde or last boke is entreated of the conception of mankynde, and howe manye wayes it may be letted or furtheryd, with diuers other fruytefull thynges, as doth appere in the table before the booke. (R. Jonas, Trans.). Thomas Raylande. (Original work published in 1532). Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A10887.0001.001.


19. Rösslin, E. (1535). De Partu hominis, et quae circa ipsum accidunt, libellus D. Eucharii Rhodionis, medici. Joannem Foucher. (Original work published in 1532). Accessed from the Bibliotheque d’étude et de conservation in Besançon, France.


20. Rösslin, E. & Raynalde, T. (1545) The Byrth of Mankynde: Otherwyse Named the Womans Booke … Whose Contentes Ye Maye Rede in the Table of the Booke and Most Playnly in the Prologue. Imprynted at London: By Tho. Ray, anno. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/30001732/.


 21. Sharp, J. (1671). The midwives book, or, The whole art of midwifry discovered.: Directing childbearing women how to behave themselves in their conception, breeding, bearing, and nursing of children in six books. Printed for Simon Miller. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011. Retrieved 2023, from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A93039.0001.001.


22. Smellie, W. (1974). A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery (facsimile of 1st ed.). Google Play Books. Ballière Tindall. (Original work published in 1752). Retrieved 2023, from https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=UvM3AQAAMAAJ


23. Tissot, S. A. (2020). Avis au Peuple Sur sa Sant, ou trait des maladies Les Plus FRQUENTES,. Project Gutenburg. (Original work published in 1762). Accessed in 2023, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61258/61258-h/61258-h.htm#a334 


24. Vandermonde, C.-A. (1760). Dictionnaire portatif de santé … Google Play Books. Vincent. Retrieved 2023, from https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Z42cBX6fMCYC.   

All secondary sources we consulted for the breadth of our research paper are listed here.

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4. Bacalexi, D. & Katouzian-Safadi, M. (2018). Medical auxiliaries from the physician’s viewpoint in Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance medical texts: codifying professional skills or establishing a hierarchy?. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325296250_Medical_auxiliaries_from_the_physician%27s_viewpoint_in_Ancient_Medieval_and_Renaissance_medical_texts_codifying_professional_skills_or_establishing_a_hierarchy 


5. Baernstein, P. R., & Christopoulos, J. (2014). Interpreting the Body in Early Modern Italy: Pregnancy, Abortion and Adulthood. Past & Present, 223, 41–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24545152 


6. Barratt, A. (2001). The knowing of woman’s kind in childing: A Middle English version of material derived from the Trotula and other sources. Brepols Online. Brepols. Retrieved 2023, from https://www-brepolsonline-net.inshs.bib.cnrs.fr/doi/book/10.1484/M.MWTC-EB.5.106982


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